Religious Tolerance in France: A Perspective of Maqasid Shari'a
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15575/ks.v4i3.17848Keywords:
France, Haq al-Tadayyun, Maqasid Shari’a, Relations, ToleranceAbstract
This study examines religious tolerance in France from the perspective of Maqasid Shari'a. This study employed a qualitative approach with a case study design. The study was conducted in 2019, taking place in France. Data collection techniques were carried out using observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation also the informants were selected by purposive sampling and snowball sampling. Data analysis used the critical analysis method through in-depth interviews with religious leaders, organizational leaders associated with inter-religious harmony organizations, community leaders, and youth leaders. This study revealed France's position as a country which ready to accept religious pluralism and guarantees constitutional, historical and factual tolerance among religious believers. However, this encounters several obstacles that arise in the form of radicalism, Islamophobia and unpreparedness for dialogue related to religious issues. From these obstacles, various strategies emerged to create tolerance among religious believers, namely the laicite law, integration policies and supporting religious institutions such as the Conseil Francais du Culte Musulman (CFCM). Some of the French government's strategies turned out to be in line with the dimensions of Hifz al-Din which is one of the goals of Maqasid Shari’a. Hifz al-Din in this context, is interpreted repressively then it becomes haq al-tadayyun (religious rights), where this strategy can guarantee the continuity of religious people to worship and carry out religious values. Haq al-Tadayyun not only maintains the sanctity of religion but also creates a harmonious relationship pattern in practicing religion amidst religious diversity. This research has implications for the emergence of a form of tolerance among religious believers in France, therefore, it can be a policy reference for countries with Muslim majority populations in responding to the dynamics that occur due to religious diversity.
References
Abdillah, A. N. (2019). Pluralisme Agama Dalam Konteks Keislaman Di Indonesia. Religi Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama, 15(1), 51–75. https://doi.org/10.14421/rejusta.2019.1501-04
Abdul Rahman, N. F. (2012). Pemahaman Konsep Tauhid Asas Keharmonian Kepelbagaian Agama. International Journal of Islamic Thought, 1(1), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.24035/ijit.01.2012.005
Abidin, Z. (2018). Teror Atas Nama Jihad: Pandangan Dari Orang-Orang Pesantren. Fenomena, 16(1), 39–60.
Abu Hamid al-Gazali. (n.d.). Al-Mustashfa Min ’Ilm Al-Ushul (1st ed.). Beirut: Dar Ihya’ al-Turats al-Arabi.
Al-Juwaini, A. al-M. (n.d.). Al-Burhan Fi Ushul Al-Fiqhi. Cairo: Dar al-Anshar.
Al-Sayis, A. (1970). Nash’ah Al-Fiqh Al-Ijtihâdî Wa Athwaruhu. Cairo: Majma’ al-Bahtsiah al-Islamiah.
Al-Syathibi, A. I. (2003). Al-Muawafaqat Fi Ushul Al-Syari’ah. Beirut: Al-Muawafaqat Fi Ushul Al-Syari’ah.
Al-Zuhaili, W. (1986). Ushûl Al-Fiqh Al-Islâmi (2nd ed.). 2nd ed. Damaskus: Dar al-Fikri.
Anggraeni, D., & Suhartinah, S. (2018). Toleransi Antar Umat Beragama Perspektif KH. Ali Mustafa Yaqub. Jurnal Online Studi Al-Qur’an, 14(1), 59–77.
Armayanto, H. (2014). Problem Pluralisme Agama. Tsaqafah, 10(2), 325–340.
Assen, M. D. (2017). Religious Tolerance in Ethiopia: Rhetoric and Reality. In Religious Pluralism, Heritage and Social Development in Africa (pp. 3–19). SUN PRESS. https://doi.org/10.18820/9781928314288/01
Augenstein, D. (2008). A European Culture of Religious Tolerance. In SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1093621
Barras, A. (2017). France citizenship in the aftermath of 2015: officializing a two-tier system? Citizenship Studies, 21(8), 918–936. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2017.1380647
Barsihannoor. (2014). Perkembangan pemikiran Islam di Prancis. Jurnal Adabiyah, 14(1), 25–31.
Barthélemy, M., & Michelat, G. (2007). Dimensions De La Laïcité Dans La France D’Aujourd’Hui. Revue Francaise de Science Politique, 57(5), 649–698. https://doi.org/10.3917/rfsp.575.0649
BBC. (2015). Charlie Hebdo attack: Three days of terror. Retrieved 12 March 2022, from BBC News website: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30708237
Bernard, R. (1995). Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Greek: Alta Mira Press.
Brunn, S. D., & Gilbreath, D. A. (2015). The Changing World Religion Map. In S. D. Brunn (Ed.), The Changing World Religion Map: Sacred Places, Identities, Practices and Politics. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9376-6
Cassanova, J. (2008). Public Religions In the Modern World. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Cesari, J. (2002). Islam in France: The Shaping of a Religious Minority. In Muslims in the West (pp. 36–50). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195148053.003.0003
Darini, F. (1975). Al-Manâhij Al-Ushûliyyah Fî Al-Ijtihâd Bi Al-Ra’yi Fî Al-Tasyrî’ Al-Islami. Damaskus: Dar al-Kitab al-Hadits.
Dzakie, F. (2014). Meluruskan Pemahaman Pluralisme dan Pluralisme Agama di Indonesia. Al-Adyan: Jurnal Studi Lintas Agama, 9(1), 79–94.
Eko, B. S., & Putranto, H. (2019). The Role of Intercultural Competence and Local Wisdom in Building Intercultural and Inter-religious Tolerance. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 48(4), 341–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2019.1639535
Fadli, A. (2018). Chemical Bonding and Local Islamic Wisdom of Sasak Tribe, Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. IBDA` : Jurnal Kajian Islam Dan Budaya, 16(1), 53–67. https://doi.org/10.24090/ibda.v16i1.1389
Fahy, J. (2018). The international politics of tolerance in the Persian Gulf. Religion, State and Society, 46(4), 311–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2018.1506963
Ghazali, A. M. (2016). Toleransi beragama dan kerukunan dalam perspektif Islam. Religious: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama Dan Lintas Budaya, 1(1), 25–40.
Hilmy, M. (2015). Radikalisme Agama dan Politik Demokrasi di Indonesia Pasca-Order Baru. MIQOT: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman, 39(2), 407–425. https://doi.org/10.30821/miqot.v39i2.33
Ibrahim, A. (2013). The Religious Tolerance in Malaysia : An Exposition. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 7(1), 90–97.
Iksan. (2015). Demokrasi, hukum Islam dan toleransi antarumat beragama. Fundamental, 4(1), 1–19.
Intan, S. (2019). Islam di Perancis (Islamisasi, Perkembangan dan Eksitensi). Jurnal Al-Hikmah, 21(1), 112–121.
Jamal, R. (2016). Maqashid Al-Syari’Ah Dan Relevansinya Dalam Konteks Kekinian. Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Syir’ah, 8(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.30984/as.v8i1.34
Jeong, H. ok. (2017). South Korean Attitudes Toward Muslims: Revealing the Impact of Religious Tolerance. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 28(3), 381–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2016.1208996
Jujun S. Suriasumantri. (2012). Ilmu dalam Perspektif (Sebuah Kumpulan dan Karangan Tentang Hakikat Ilmu). Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
Karoi, H. El. (2016). A French Islam Is Possible. Paris. Retrieved from https://www.institutmontaigne.org/node/5529
Liepyte, S., & McAloney-Kocaman, K. (2015). Discrimination and religiosity among Muslim women in the UK before and after the Charlie Hebdo attacks. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 18(9), 789–794. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2015.1107890
Mabruk, M. M. J. (2014). At-Ta’ayush Al-Silmi Lil Adyan Wa Fiqh Al-Aiys Al-Musytarak, Nahwa Manhaj Al-Tajdid. Abu Dhabi: Markaz al-Dirasat Wa al-Buhuts al-Istratijiyah.
Marzuki. (2012). Peran Politik Umat Islam di Prancis pada Masa Presiden Nicolas Sarkozy (2007-2012). Right Jurnal Agama Dan Hak Azazi Manusia, 1(2), 417–446.
Mawardi, A. I. (2016). ikih Mayoritas Versus Fikih Minoritas: Melacak Akar Konflik Sosial atas Nama Syari’at. Justicia Islamica, 9(2), 105–118. https://doi.org/10.21154/justicia.v9i2.348
Menchik, J. (2016). Islam and Democracy in Indonesia: Tolerance without Liberalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316344446
Mendus, S. (2010). Religious tolerance and religious violence. Bijdragen, 71(4), 426–437. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-412-6_1
Mujani, S. (2019). Explaining Religio-Political Tolerance Among Muslims: Evidence from Indonesia. Studia Islamika, 26(2), 319–351. https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v26i2.11237
Mustofa, I. (2017). Terorisme: antara aksi dan reaksi (Gerakan Islam Radikal sebagai Respon terhadap Imperealisme Modern). Religia, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.28918/religia.v15i1.123
Nandwa, W. H. (2016). Plurality and Religious Tolerance in Islam. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 12(32), 314. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n32p314
Neusner, J., & Chilton, B. (2008). Religious Tolerance in World Religions. West Conshohocken: Templeton Foundation Press.
Nikmah, S. (2018). Penembakan di kantor Majalah Charlie Hebdo. Jurnal Al-Bayan, 23(2).
Pajarianto, H., Pribadi, I., & Sari, P. (2022). Tolerance between religions through the role of local wisdom and religious moderation. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 78(4). https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v78i4.7043
Parekh, B. (2019). Religious Tolerance in a Comparative Perspective. In Ethnocentric Political Theory (pp. 263–284). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11708-5_15
Purna, I. M. (2016). Kearifan Lokal Masyarakat Desa Mbawa dalam Mewujudkan Toleransi Beragama. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan, 1(2), 261–277. https://doi.org/10.24832/jpnk.v1i2.764
Rafsitahandjani, N. I., & Firdaus, A. Y. (2017). Dinamika Pelarangan Niqab dan Burqa di Eropa barat: Studi Kasus Perancis dan Belgia. Interdependence Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 5(3).
Rusydi, I., & Zolehah, S. (2018). Makna Kerukunan Antarumat Beragama dalam Konteks Keislaman dan Keindonesian. Journal for Islamic Studies, 1(1), 170–181.
Sanneh, L., & Peters, R. (1981). Islam and Colonialism. The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern History. Journal of Religion in Africa, 12(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.2307/1581019
Sari, W. P., Paramita, S., & Azeharie, S. (2019). Kerukunan dalam Komunikasi Antar Kelompok Agama Islam dan Hindu di Lombok. Jurnal Penelitian Komunikasi Dan Opini Publik, 23(1), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.33299/jpkop.23.1.1674
Sinha, V. (2005). Theorising ‘Talk’ about ‘Religious Pluralism’ and ‘Religious Harmony’ in Singapore. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 20(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/1353790052000313891
Spector, C. (2018). Liberté, égalité, fraternité : la théorie rawlsienne de la justice. Esprit, Sptmbr(9), 95. https://doi.org/10.3917/espri.1809.0095
Suprapto, S. (2015). The Theology of Tolerance in Hindu and Islam: Maintaining Social Integration in Lombok - Indonesia. Ulumuna, 19(2), 339–352. https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v19i2.358
Suryan, S. (2017). Toleransi Antarumat Beragama: Perspektif Islam. Jurnal Ushuluddin, 23(2), 185–200.
Tan, C. (2008). Creating ‘good citizens’ and maintaining religious harmony in Singapore. British Journal of Religious Education, 30(2), 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200701830921
Turner, B. S., & Arslan, B. Z. (2011). Shari’a and legal pluralism in the west. European Journal of Social Theory, 14(2), 139–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431011403459
Vaezi, M. (2018). The role of interreligious dialogues on religious tolerance. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 74(3), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v74i3.5146
Vasilopoulos, P., Marcus, G. E., & Foucault, M. (2018). Emotional Responses to the Charlie Hebdo Attacks: Addressing the Authoritarianism Puzzle. Political Psychology, 39(3), 557–575. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12439
Verkuyten, M., Maliepaard, M., Martinovic, B., & Khoudja, Y. (2014). Political tolerance among muslim minorities in western Europe: The role of denomination and religious and host national identification. Politics and Religion, 7(2), 265–286. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755048314000212
Vichniac, J. E. (2018). Religious Toleration and Jewish Emancipation in France and in Germany. In Democracy, Revolution, and History (pp. 167–188). Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501718113-009
Walzer, M. (1997). On toleration. Yale: Yale University Press.
Zuhdi, M. H. (2018). Kearifan lokal suku Sasak sebagai model pengelolaan konflik di masyarakat Lombok. MABASAN, 12(1), 64–85. https://doi.org/10.26499/mab.v12i1.34
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).