Discrimination Experienced by Biracial Children in Angeles City, Philippines
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15575/ks.v6i1.33776Keywords:
biracial, children, dignity, dangal, discrimination, kapwaAbstract
There is a lack of study on the nature and scope of discrimination experienced by biracial children in the Philippines. Aiming to contribute to filling the gap, this article draws from a doctoral thesis that used an indigenous Filipino research approach to investigate Filipino biracial children’s view of their dignity. Biracial children from poor neighborhoods in Angeles City participated in the study. Their caregivers and some community members were also interviewed. The research found that colonial beliefs and practices led to formation of biases which triggered the discrimination experienced by the biracial child participants and negatively affected their dignity. The biases were manifested during incidences of bullying and name-calling, cultural/racial stereotyping, social stigma, not being consulted, and corporal punishment. Recommended measures to address discrimination include access to education and promotion of pakikipagkapwa (treating others as fellow human being).References
Abenes, R. D. C. (2015). Genealogy of male domination in the Philippines. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327139304_Genealogy_of_Male_Domination_in_the_Philippines
Abiera, P. E. G. & Lalusis, A. R. B. (2018). Perpectives of the local government unit on sex tourism in Angeles, Pampanga. LPU-Laguna Journal of International Tourism and Hospitality Management, 4(1), 1-14. Retrieved from https://lpulaguna.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/1-PERSPECTIVES-OF-THE-LOCAL-GOVERNMENT-UNIT-ON-SEX-TOURISM-IN-ANGELES.pdf
Baclig, C. E. (2021). Unesco: 36 percent of PH families incur debts to send kids to school. Retrieved from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1528071/unesco-36-percent-of-ph-families-incur-debts-to-send-kids-to-school
Bonifacio, G. T. (2018). Religion and gender equality in Catholic Philippines: Discourses and practices in the 21st century. In E. Ruspini, G. T. Bonifacio, & C.Corradi (Eds.), Women and religion: Contemporary and future challenges in the global era (pp. 41–57). Policy Press.
Byrne, D. (2022). A worked example of Braun and Clarke’s approach to reflexive thematic analysis. Qual Quant 56, 1391–1412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-021-01182-y
Caruz, V. V. (2023). Kapwa (shared identity): Filipino American perspectives and responses to educational leadership. Retrieved from https://thescholarship.ecu.edu/bitstream/handle/10342/12813/CARUZ-DOCTORALDISSERTATION-2023.pdf?sequence=1
Civil Society Coalition on the Convention on the Rights of the Child Inc. (2017). Joint CSC-CRC UPR submission: 3rd cycle – Philippines. https://www.uprinfo.org/sites/default/files/document/philippines/session_27_-_may_2017/js6_upr27_phl_e_main.pdf
Coram International. (2018). Situation analysis of children in the Philippines. https://www.unicef.org/philippines/nationalsitan2018.pdf
Dinglasan, R. (2015, January 17). Pope Francis: The Catholic Church’s future is here in Asia. http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/popefrancis/story/407323/pope-francis-the-catholic-church-s-future-is-here-in-asia
Duerr, R. I. (2015, January 15). The pope’s Philippine visit and the politics of religion. http://www.dw.de/the-popes-philippine-visit-and-the-politics-of-religion/a-18194506
Enriquez, V. G. (1992). From colonial to liberation psychology: The Philippine experience. University of the Philippines Press.
Figueroa, L. L., Lim, S., & Lee, J. (2016). Spatial analysis to identify disparities in Philippine public school facilities. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 3(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2015.1099465
Garcia, A. S. & Maria Rosario T. de Guzman, M. R. T. (2020). The meanings and ways of parental involvement among low-income Filipinos. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 53, 343-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2020.05.013.
Gastardo-Conaco, C., & Israel-Sobritchea, C. (1999). Filipino-Amerasians: Living in the margins. The University Center for Women’s Studies Foundation in collaboration with Pearl S. Buck International and Agencies Collaborating Together With Amerasians.
Gregorio, X. (2023). Philippines still overwhelmingly Catholic. Retrieved from https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/02/22/2246855/philippines-still-overwhelmingly-catholic
Inquirer Research. (2018, March 11). More people accept divorce, surveys show. Philippine Daily Inquirer, A7.
Jugo, J. V. (2022). God help the girl: The Catholic church and prostitution policy debates in Poland and the Philippines. Retrieved from https://ediss.uni-goettingen.de/bitstream/handle/11858/14228/Thesis%20A5%20Redacted.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Laforteza, J. (2022). The skin-whitening regime: how colourism in Filipino media has led to discrimination and shame. Retrieved from https://www.thejfa.com/read/skin-whitening-regime-colourism-filipino-media
Lapinig, C. M. (2013, May 27). The forgotten Amerasians. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/28/opinion/the-forgotten-amerasians.html
Lundy, L., & Templeton, M. (2018). The views, perspectives and recommendations of children across the world. https://www.childrightsconnect.org/wp- content/uploads/2018/09/DGD-REPORT_WEB_en_def_web.pdf
Mallari, J. C. (2017). College Educated Pinatubo Aytas: A ‘Struggle of Identification’â€. Coolabah, (21), 87-104.
Mananzan, M. J. (2016). Shadows of light: Philippine church history under Spain (A people’s perspective). Claretian Communications Foundation, Inc.
Mananzan, M. J. (2018). Nun-talk: Selected speeches and articles. Claretian Communications Foundation, Inc.
Padigos, J. M. G. (2022). Anti-ageism: Breaking the barriers of youth silencing. Retrieved from https://depedro1.com/anti-ageism-breaking-the-barriers-of-youth-silencing/
Pe-Pua, R., & Protacio-Marcelino, E. A. (2000). Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino psychology): A legacy of Virgilio G. Enriquez. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3(1), 49–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00054
Porcadas, M. D. C. (2019). Evolution of discourse: Identifying Sikolohiyang Pilipino in the classroom. Retrieved from https://sfsu-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.3/214005/AS362019EDUCP67.pdf
Rocamora, J. A. L. (2022). PH affirms 'strong adherence' to UN convention on child rights. Retrieved from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1183688
Romero, A. (2019, March 3). Palace defends Duterte’s veto of anti-corporal punishment bill. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/03/03/1898335/palace-defends-dutertes-veto-anti-corporal-punishment-bill
Rondilla, J. L. (2012). Colonial faces: Beauty and skin color hierarchy in the Philippines and the U.S. [Doctoral dissertation]. http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/etd/ucb/text/Rondilla_berkeley_0028E_12807.pdf
Russia Today’s. (2016, May 25). Fallen angels [Video, documentary]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/gV8GLhJv6ck
Salaverria, L. B., & Inquirer Research. (2018, July 1). PH LGBT-friendly but 61% oppose same-sex marriage. Philippine Daily Inquirer, A2.
Santiago, L. Q. (2007). Sexuality and the Filipina. The University of the Philippines Press.
Sarmiento, C., & Rudolf, R. (2017). The impact of childhood maltreatment on young adults’ mental health: Evidence from the Philippines. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 11(1), 76–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/aswp.12115
Schmidt, J., & Schmidt, L. (2014, December 19). What is a holy family?. https://www.catholicstand.com/what-holy-family/
Velayo, R. (2005). A perspective on child abuse in the Philippines. In F. L. Denmark, H. H. Krauss, R. W. Wesner, E. Midlarsky, & U. P. Gielen (Eds.), Violence in schools (pp. 191–205). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28811-2_10
World Health Organization. (2021). Corporal punishment and health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/corporal-punishment-and-health
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).