Machiavellianism, Impulsivity, and Empathy: Understanding Aggressive Driving Behavior


Rendy Alfiannoor Achmad(1*), Silvia Kristanti Tri Febriana(2), Laily Maulida(3), Igha Ananda Saidah Muharram(4), Lili Aprilianti(5)

(1) Psychology Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru, Indonesia
(2) Psychology Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru, Indonesia
(3) Psychology Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru, Indonesia
(4) Psychology Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru, Indonesia
(5) Psychology Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


This study aimed to investigate the impact of impulsivity, Machiavellianism, and empathy on the inclination towards aggressive driving behavior. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted, utilizing a sample size of 315 Indonesian drivers. Accordingly, the instruments used include Aggressive Driving Behavior Scale (ADBS), Short Version of the UPPS-P (SUPPS-P) Scale, Machiavellian Personality Scale (MPS) and Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) Scale. The multiple linear regression results showed that impulsivity, Machiavellianism, and empathy significantly influenced the tendency toward aggressive driving behavior with F count of 12.454 and significance level of .000 < .05. Furthermore, the dimensions of impulsivity, lack of perseverance, and Machiavellianism, were observed to partially have an effect on the tendency toward aggressive driving behavior at .221 or 22.1%, which was categorized as moderate. It was also important to acknowledge that the other dimensions observed in this study had no significant effect on the subject matter.


Keywords


Aggressive driving behavior, impulsivity, Machiavellianism, empathy, drivers

Full Text:

PDF

References


Ahmed, J., Ward, N., Otto, J., & McMahill, A. (2022). How does emotional intelligence predict driving behaviors among non-commercial drivers? Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 85, 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2021.12.013

Ball, L., Tully, R., & Egan, V. (2018). The influence of impulsivity and the Dark Triad on self-reported aggressive driving behaviours. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 120, 130–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2018.08.010

Bereczkei, T. (2015). The manipulative skill: Cognitive devices and their neural correlates underlying Machiavellian’s decision making. Brain and Cognition, 99, 24–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2015.06.007

Bereczkei, T. (2017). Machiavellianism (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315106922

Bıçaksız, P., & Özkan, T. (2016). Impulsivity and driver behaviors, offences and accident involvement: A systematic review. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 38, 194–223. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.06.001

Bogdan, S. R., Măirean, C., & Havârneanu, C.-E. (2016). A meta-analysis of the association between anger and aggressive driving. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 42, 350–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.05.009

Brankley, A. E., & Rule, N. O. (2014). Threat perception: How psychopathy and Machiavellianism relate to social perceptions during competition. Personality and Individual Differences, 71, 103–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.07.015

Burtăverde, V., Chraif, M., Aniţei, M., & Mihăilă, T. (2016). The incremental validity of the dark triad in predicting driving aggression. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 96, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.07.027

Campos, C., Rocha, N. B., & Barbosa, F. (2023). Dissociating cognitive and affective empathy across psychopathy dimensions: The role of interoception and alexithymia. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1082965

Cyders, M. A., Smith, G. T., Spillane, N. S., Fischer, S., Annus, A. M., & Peterson, C. (2007). Integration of impulsivity and positive mood to predict risky behavior: development and validation of a measure of positive urgency. Psychological Assessment, 19(1), 107—118. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.19.1.107

Dahling, J. J., Whitaker, B. G., & Levy, P. E. (2009). The Development and Validation of a New Machiavellianism Scale. Journal of Management, 35(2), 219–257. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308318618

Decety, J., Bartal, I. B.-A., Uzefovsky, F., & Knafo-Noam, A. (2016). Empathy as a driver of prosocial behaviour: highly conserved neurobehavioural mechanisms across species. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371(1686), 20150077. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0077

Falla, D., Romera, E. M., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2021). Aggression, Moral Disengagement and Empathy. A Longitudinal Study Within the Interpersonal Dynamics of Bullying. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.703468

Ghavam, S. E., Delbreil, A., Harika‐Germaneau, G., Davignon, G., Cailleau, V., Arnoult, M., Jaafari, N., & Chatard, A. (2023). No mercy for victims: Exploring the link between dark personality traits, aggressive video game behavior, and severe traffic violations. Aggressive Behavior, 49(5), 492–498. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.22085

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., & Babin, B. J. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective. Pearson Education. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=SLRPLgAACAAJ

Houston, J. M., Harris, P. B., & Norman, M. (2003). The Aggressive Driving Behavior Scale: Developing a self-report measure of unsafe driving practices. North American Journal of Psychology, 5(2), 269–278.

Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2017). Duplicity among the dark triad: Three faces of deceit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(2), 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000139

Ju, U., Williamson, J., & Wallraven, C. (2022). Predicting driving speed from psychological metrics in a virtual reality car driving simulation. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 10044. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14409-1

Karras, M., Csillik, A., & Delhomme, P. (2023). Empathy, impulsiveness, and sensation seeking as mediators between primary psychopathic traits and driving behaviors in French driving offenders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 79(3), 886–901. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23447

Khvatskaya, Y., & Lenzenweger, M. F. (2016). Motor empathy in individuals with psychopathic traits: A preliminary study. Journal of Personality Disorders, 30(5), 613–632. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2015_29_219

Kokkinos, C. M., Voulgaridou, I., & Markos, A. (2016). Personality and relational aggression: Moral disengagement and friendship quality as mediators. Personality and Individual Differences, 95, 74–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.028

Kovácsová, N., Lajunen, T., & Rošková, E. (2016). Aggression on the road: Relationships between dysfunctional impulsivity, forgiveness, negative emotions, and aggressive driving. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 42, 286–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.02.010

Liu, X., Chen, S., Huang, D., Jiang, Z., Jiang, Y., Liang, L., & Qin, L. (2022). The Influence of Personality and Demographic Characteristics on Aggressive Driving Behaviors in Eastern Chinese Drivers. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, Volume 15, 193–212. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S323431

Luk, J. W., Trim, R. S., Karyadi, K. A., Curry, I., Hopfer, C. J., Hewitt, J. K., Stallings, M. C., Brown, S. A., & Wall, T. L. (2017). Unique and interactive effects of impulsivity facets on reckless driving and driving under the influence in a high-risk young adult sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 114, 42–47. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.048

Mirón-Juárez, C. A., García-Hernández, C., Ochoa-Ávila, E., & Díaz-Grijalva, G. R. (2020). Approaching to a structural model of impulsivity and driving anger as predictors of risk behaviors in young drivers. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 72, 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2020.05.006

Moroń, M., & Biolik-Moroń, M. (2021). Emotional awareness and relational aggression: The roles of anger and maladaptive anger regulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 173, 110646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110646

Owens, E. S., McPharlin, F. W. H., Brooks, N., & Fritzon, K. (2018). The effects of empathy, emotional intelligence and psychopathy on interpersonal interactions. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 25(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2017.1347936

Rizqiyah, A. (2023, September 1). angka kecelakaan lalu lintas terus meningkat, usia pelajar mendominasi. https://goodstats.id/article/angka-kecelakaan-lalu-lintas-terus-meningkat-usia-pelajar-mendominasi-zYuep

Samudra, M. A., & Parwata. (2022, February 18). Serem! Belasan ribu kecelakaan lalu lintas terjadi di awal 2022, usia segini yang paling banyak jadi korban. Https://Otomania.Gridoto.Com/Read/243147836/Serem-Belasan-Ribu-Kecelakaan-Lalu-Lintas-Terjadi-Di-Awal-2022-Usia-Segini-Yang-Paling-Banyak-Jadi-Korban.

Schimmenti, A., Jonason, P. K., Passanisi, A., La Marca, L., Di Dio, N., & Gervasi, A. M. (2019). Exploring the dark side of personality: emotional awareness, empathy, and the dark triad traits in an Italian sample. Current Psychology, 38(1), 100–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9588-6

Stanger, N., Kavussanu, M., McIntyre, D., & Ring, C. (2016). Empathy inhibits aggression in competition: The role of provocation, emotion, and gender. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 38(1), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2014-0332

Stephens, A. N., & Sullman, M. J. M. (2015). Trait predictors of aggression and crash-related behaviors across drivers from the United Kingdom and the Irish Republic. Risk Analysis, 35(9), 1730–1745. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12379

Stephens, A. N., Newnam, S., & Young, K. L. (2022). Preliminary evidence of the efficacy of the Reducing Aggressive Driving (RAD) program. Journal of Safety Research, 82, 438–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2022.07.011

Tahrir, T., Alsa, A., & Rahayu, A. (2021). Modifikasi Alat Ukur Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) pada Subjek dengan Identitas Sunda. Jurnal Psikologi Islam Dan Budaya, 4(1), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpib.v4i1.9376

Taufan, S. A. (2023, September 19). Polda Metro Jaya Catat Angka Kecelakaan Tahun 2023 Meningkat 43 Persen. https://www.jawapos.com/jabodetabek/012995543/polda-metro-jaya-catat-angka-kecelakaan-tahun-2023-meningkat-43-persen

van Dongen, J. D. M. (2020). The empathic brain of psychopaths: From social science to neuroscience in empathy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00695

Zhang, X., Chang, R., Sui, X., & Li, Y. (2022). Influences of emotion on driving decisions at different risk levels: An Eye Movement Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.788712

Zhao, S., Guo, H., Wang, H., Ta, L., & An, L. (2023). Emotional awareness and adolescent relational aggression: The moderating effect of Machiavellianism. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 51(9), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.12474

Zimasa, T., Jamson, S., & Henson, B. (2017). Are happy drivers safer drivers? Evidence from hazard response times and eye tracking data. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 46, 14–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.12.005




DOI: https://doi.org/10.15575/psy.v10i2.19641

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


web stats

View My Stats

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.