Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Strength Awareness Scale in a Sample of Indonesian Female Leaders


Dhini Rama Dhania(1*), Ruth Natalia Susanti(2)

(1) Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Muria Kudus, Indonesia
(2) Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Muria Kudus, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


This study aimed to test psychometric properties of strength use scale (SUS) as a unidimensional concept with 14 question items on a sample of female leaders who work in two manufacturing companies. The investigation, the subjects used consisted of 521 females in management positions at various levels. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was applied to analyze the factor validity of the unidimensional SUS consisting of 14 items. Additionally, Indonesian version of SUS was validated using a confirmation approach. In line with previous studies, the analysis confirmed the unidimensionality of the scale, which measures a singular strength through factors. The demands on internal consistency, composite reliability, and convergent validity were met. The results showed that Indonesian version of SUS is comparable to the original English version, representing a valid and reliable measure of strength used in Indonesian. Therefore, future studies should consider adding subjects with different sociodemographic backgrounds.


Keywords


Confirmatory factor, strength awareness, females, leader, Indonesia

Full Text:

PDF

References


Ban, C., Drahnak-Faller, A., & Towers, M. (2003). Human resource challenges in human service and community development organizations. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 23, 133 - 153. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X03023002004

Burns, M. A., Spivey, C. A., Hagemann, T., & Josephson, M. A. (2017). Female in leadership and the bewildering glass ceiling. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 74(5), 312–324. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp160930

Cresswell, J. W. ( 2009). Research Design : Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. London : SAGE Publications Ltd

Diener, R., Kashdan, T. B., & Minhas, G. (2011). A dinamic approach to psychological strength development and intervention. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(2), 106–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2010.545429

Doornbos, A. J., Bolhuis, S., & Simons, P. R. J. (2004). Modeling work-related learning on the basis of intentionality and developmental relatedness: A noneducational perspective. Human Resource Development Review, 3(3), 250–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484304268107

Douglass, R.P., Duffy, R.D. (2015a). Strengths Use and Life Satisfaction: A Moderated Mediation Approach. J Happiness Stud, 16, 619–632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9525-4

Douglass, R. P., and Duffy, R. D. (2015b). Calling and career adaptability among undergraduate students. J. Vocat. Behav. 86, 58–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.11.003

Dubreuil, P., Forest, J., & Courcy, F. (2014). From strengths use to work performance: The role of harmonious passion, subjective vitality, and concentration. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9, 335 - 349. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.898318

Evers, N. (2016). Are self-compassionate employees more engaged? The influence of self compassion on work engagement, mediated by strength awareneness and individual strength use, and moderated by proactive personality (Master Theses). Tilburg University

Ferdinand, A. (2014). Metode Penelitian Manajemen. BP Universitas Diponegoro.

Ghozali, I. (2017). Aplikasi analisis multivariate dengan program SPSS. Badan Penerbit UNDIP.

Govindji, R., & Linley, P. A. (2007). Strength use, self-concordance and well-being: Implications for strength coaching and coaching psychologists. International Coaching Psychology Review, 2(2), 143-153. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsicpr.2007.2.2.143

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Analisis data multivariat. Edisi ke-7, Pearson, New York.

Hejase, H. J., Haddad, Z., Hamdar, B. C., Massoud, R., & Farha, G. (2013). Female leadership: An exploratory research from Lebanon. American Journal of Scientific Research, 86, 28–52. http://www.americanjournalofscientificresearch.com

Ho, V. T., & Kong, D. T. (2016). "A Self-determination Perspective of Strengths Use at Work: Examining Its Determinant and Performance Implications." Journal of Positive Psychology 11(1), 15-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1004555

Hooper et.al. 2008. Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research, 6(1): 53 – 60. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/297019805.pdf

Hryniewicz, L. G. C., & Vianna, M. A. (2018). Women and leadership: Obstacles and gender expectations in managerial positions. Cadernos EBAPE.BR, 16(3), 331–344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1679-395174876

Huber, A., Webb, D., & Höfer, S. (2017). The German Version of the Strengths Use Scale: The relation of using individual strengths and well-being. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 637. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00637

International Business Report. (2020, Mar 2). Woman in Business 2020. Grant Thornton. https://www.grantthornton.global/en/insights/women-in-business-2020/

Littman-Ovadia, H., Lazar-Butbul, V., and Benjamin, B. A. (2014). Strength based career counseling: overview and initial evaluation. J. Career Assess. 22, 403–419. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072713498483

MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84–99. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.1.84

Mahomed, F. E., & Rothmann, S. (2019). Strength use, deficit correction, thriving and performance of academics at universities of technology. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 45. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v45i0.1577

Miglianico, M., Dubreuil, P., Miquelon, P., Bakker, A. B., & Martin-Krumm, C. (2020). Strength Use in the Workplace: A Literature Review. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(2), 737–764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00095-w

Norrish, J. M., & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2009). Positive psychology and adolescents: Where are we now? Where to from here? Aust. Psychol. 44, 270–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060902914103

Oosterwijk, J. (2018). Strength awareness and personal growth initiative: The moderating role of a learning goal orientation and age. In Human Resource Studies. Tilburg University

Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(5), 603–619. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.5.603.50748

Passarelli, A., Hall, E., & Anderson, M. (2010). A strengths-based approach to outdoor and adventure education: Possibilities for personal growth. Journal of Experiential Education, 33(2), 120-135. https://doi.org/10.1177/105382591003300203

Peterson, C., Ruch, W., Beermann, U., Park, N., &. Seligman, M. E. P. (2007) Strengths of character, orientations to happiness, and life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(3), 149-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760701228938

Preacher, K.J. and Hayes, A.F. (2004) SPSS and SAS Procedures for Estimating Indirect Effects in Simple Mediation Models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 717-731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03206553

Proctor, C., Maltby, J., & Linley, P. A. (2011). Strength Use as a Predictor of Well-Being and Health-Related Quality of Life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(1), 153–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-009-9181-2

Quinlan, D. M., Swain, N., Cameron, C., and Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2015). How ‘other people matter’ in a classroom-based strength intervention: exploring interpersonal strategies and classroom outcomes. J. Posit. Psychol. 10, 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.920407

Riantoputra, C. D., & Gatari, E. (2017). Women leaders in Indonesia: Current picture and strategies for empowerment. In Y. Cho, R. Ghosh, J. Y. Sun, & G. N. McLean (Eds.), Current perspectives on asian women in leadership: A cross-cultural analysis (pp. 55–70). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54996-5

Rickard, N. S., Chin, T.-C., and Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2016). Cortisol awakening response as an index of mental health and well-being in adolescents. Journal of Happiness Studies 17(6), 2555–2568. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10902-015-9706-9

Simmering, J. M. (2011). Management levels. Reference for Business. https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Log-Mar/Management-Levels.html

Soria, K. M., & Stubblefield, R. (2015). Knowing me, knowing you: Building strengths awareness, belonging, and persistence in higher education. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 17(3), 351-372. https://doi.org/10.1177/1521025115575914

Thun, B., & Kelloway, E.K. (2011). Virtuous Leaders: Assessing Character Strength in the Workplace. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences-revue Canadienne Des Sciences De L Administration, 28, 270-283. https://doi.org/10.1002/CJAS.216

van Woerkom, M., and Meyers, M. C. (2015). My strength count! Effects of a strength-based psychological climate on positive affect and job performance. Hum. Resour. Manage. 54, 81–103. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21623

Wang, Yu-Chen & Tien, Hsiu-Lan Shelley & Wu, Ching-Lin. (2018). The Relation of Career Adaptability to Work-Family Experience and Personal Growth Initiative Among Taiwanese Working Parents. Journal of Employment Counseling. 55. 27-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joec.12071

Webster, K., & Flood, M. (2015), Framework foundations 1: A review of the evidence on correlates of violence against women and what works to prevent it. Companion document to Our Watch, Australia’s National Research Organisation for Women’s Safety (ANROWS) and VicHealth, Change the Story: A shared framework for the primary prevention of violence against women and their children in Australia, Our Watch, Melbourne, Australia. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285143693_Webster_Kim_and_Michael_Flood_2015_Framework_foundations_1_A_review_of_the_evidence_on_correlates_of_violence_against_women_and_what_works_to_prevent_it_Companion_document_to_Our_Watch_Australia's_Nat

Wood, A. M., Linley, P., Maltby, J., Kashdan, T. B., & Hurling, R. (2011). Using personal and psychological strength leads to increases in well-being over time: A longitudinal study and the development of the Strength Use Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(1), 15-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.08.004




DOI: https://doi.org/10.15575/psy.v10i2.24664

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


web stats

View My Stats

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.