Kesurupan Massal di Sekolah Menengah: Kerasukan Roh Jahat atau Emotional Contagion?


Imaduddin Hamzah(1*)

(1) Politeknik Ilmu Pemasyarakatan,  
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


This study aims to explore the phenomenon of mass trance in middle school. Previous studies in trance focused in individual psychological factors and view the trance as psychological disorder (hysteria). Mass trance shows behavior and emotion performed by students through interaction process. Thus, this phenomenon is not only viewed from clinical perspective, but also social psychology explanation. This study used grounded theory by performing interview on 17 informants (students and teachers) in a school with mass trance cases in Jakarta and Tangerang, and analysis on 31 video recordings about the online news on trance cases. The findings show that there are seven categories of factors on mass trance: emotional stimulus, mystical experiences, suggestability, supernatural interpretation, anomalous experience, unconditioned emotional response, and mimicry. Core category analysis shows that mass trance on middle school students indicates emotional contagion with supernatural beliefs nuance.

 


Keywords


mass trance, emotional contagion, supernatural belief

Full Text:

PDF

References


American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.

Anjaryani, A. M., & Rahardanto, M. S. (2016). Dinamika kesurupan patologis: Studi kasus di Jawa Tengah. Experientia: Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia, 4(1), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcs.28.4.149

Arifin, Z., & Zulkhair. (2011). Gangguan kesurupan dan terapi ruqyah: Penelitian multi kasus pengobatan alternatif terapi ruqyah di kota Malang. El Harakah, 13(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.18860/el.v0i0.1891

Ayehu, M., Endriyas, M., Mekonnen, E., Shiferaw, M., & Misganaw, T. (2018). Chronic mass psychogenic illness among women in Derashe Woreda, Segen Area People Zone, southern Ethiopia: A community based cross-sectional study. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 12(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-018-0207-1

Balaratnasingam, S., & Janca, A. (2006). Mass hysteria revisited. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 19(2), 171–174. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.yco.0000214343.59872.7a

Bartholomew, R. E., & Victor, J. S. (2004). A social-psychology theory of collective anxiety attacks: The “mad gasser” reexamined. Sociology Quarterly, 45(2), 229–247.

Bartholomew, R. E., & Wessely, S. (2002). Protean nature of mass sociogenic illness from possessed nuns to chemical and biological terrorism fears. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180(4), 300–306. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.4.300

Boss, L. P. (1997). Epidemic hysteria: A review of the published literature. Epidemiologic Reviews, 19(2), 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017955

Carota, A., & Calabrese, P. (2014). Hysteria around the world. Dalam J. Bogousslavsky (Ed.), Hysteria: The rise of an enigma (Vol. 35, pp. 169–180). Karger. https://doi.org/10.1159/000360062

Carson, R. C. (2019). Interaction concepts of personality. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429025136

Chen, C.-S., Yen, C.-F., Lin, H.-F., & Yang, P. (2003). Mass hysteria and perceptions of the supernatural among adolescent girl students in Taiwan. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191(2), 122–123.

Chowdhury, A., & Brahma, A. (2005). An epidemic of mass hysteria in a village in West Bengal. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 47, 106–108. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.55956

Chun Tie, Y., Birks, M., & Francis, K. (2019). Grounded theory research: A design framework for novice researchers. SAGE Open Medicine, 7, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312118822927

Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications, Inc.

Crooks, D. L. (2001). The importance of symbolic interaction in grounded theory research on women’s health. Health Care for Woman International, 22(1–2), 11–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/073993301300003054

Deng, H., & Hu, P. (2018). Matching your face or appraising the situation: Two paths to emotional contagion. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(JAN). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02278

Dianpangesti, A., Nurhidayat, S., & Isro’in, L. (2019). Identifikasi faktor-faktor dissociative trance disorder (kesurupan) pada mahasiswi fakultas ilmu kesehatan di rusunawa Pondok Al-Manar Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo. Health Science Journal, 3(1), 1–14.

Edelman, N., & Walusinski, O. (2014). Socioeconomic background of hysteria’s metamorphosis from the 18th century to world war I. Dalam J. Bogousslavsky (Ed.), Hsyteria: The rise of an enigma (Vol. 35, hal. 11–19). Karger. https://doi.org/10.1159/000359988

Fillamenta, N. (2018). Pengaruh kesurupan pada kesenian tradisional kuda lumping terhadap persepsi mahasiswa PGRI Palembang. Jurnal Sitakara, 3(2), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.31851/sitakara.v3i2.2338

Forshee, J. (2006). Culture and customs of Indonesia. Greenwood Press.

Gaebel, W., Zielasek, J., & Reed, G. (2017). Mental and behavioural disorders in the ICD-11: Concepts, methodologies, and current status. Psychiatria Polska, 51(2), 169–195. https://doi.org/10.12740/pp/69660

Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (2006). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine Transaction.

Harsono. (2012). Gambaran trans disosiatif pada mahasiswi. Journal of Social and Industrial Psychology, 1(2), 59–65.

Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Emotional contagion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2(3), 96–100.

Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1994). Emotional contagion. Cambridge University Press.

Irawan, P. (2006). Penelitian kualitatif dan kuantitatif untuk ilmu-ilmu sosial. Departemen Ilmu Administrasi - FISIP UI.

K. T. Strongman. (2003). The psychology of emotion from everyday life to theory (Fifth). John Wiley & Sons.

Kasih, A., & Hambali, A. (2013). Gambaran motivasi remaja social withdrawal pada usia sekolah menengah pertama. Psympathic, VI(2), 951–965. https://doi.org/10.15575/psy.v6i2.2212

Kokota, D. (2011). View point: Episodes of mass hysteria in African schools: A study of literature. Malawi Medical Journal, 23(3), 74–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/epi4.12096

Liao, M-N. (2014). Emotional contagion. Dalam S. C. L. Cooper (Ed.), Wiley Encyclopedia of Management. John Wiley & Sons.

Mack, N., Woodsong, C., MacQueen, K. M., Guest, G., & Namey, E. (2005). Qualitative research methods: A data collector’s field guide. Family Health International.

Maddux, J. E. (2010). Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: History and orienting principles. Dalam J. P. T. James & E. Maddux (Eds.), Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology. The Guilford Press.

Mayang, D., & Sukarlan, A. B. (2007). Gambaran kecemasan dan depresi siswa yang pernah mengalami kesurupan massal. Jurnal Psikologi Sosial, 13(02), 111–125.

Oktaviani, F., Djamal, N. N., & Sunardi, I. (2018). Gambaran coping strategy pada remaja puteri yang melakukan pernikahan dini. Psympathic: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 5(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.15575/psy.v5i1.2353

Patton, M. Q. (1999). Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis. Health Services Research, 34(5), 1189–1208.

Pusat Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. (2008). Kamus Bahasa Indonesia. Pusat Bahasa Departemen Penddikan Nasional.

Rafehivolaa, I. H., Raharivelob, A., Rakotomavoc, F., & Andriambao, D. S. (2015). A manner of voicing, the mass hysteria. Encephale, 41(6), 556–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2014.11.001

Ramadhanty, F. N., & Kinanthi, M. R. (2021). Kualitas hidup remaja berstatus sosial ekonomi rendah: Bagaimana kontribusi resiliensi keluarga?. Psympathic: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 8(1), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.15575/psy.v8i1.8707

Setiadi, H. (2014). Pola perilaku kesurupan endhang mayit dalam kesenian kuda kepang turangga mudha di desa Banioro kecamatan Karangsambung kabupaten Kebumen. Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Jawa, 05(05), 79–85.

Sham, F. M. (2015). Islamic psychotherapy approach in managing adolescent hysteria in Malaysia. Journal of Psychological Abnormalities in Children, 04(03). https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9525.1000142

Sharma, P. P., Jha, A. K., Joshi, A., & Ramsal, R. (2010). Mass hysteria and adolescent girl: An interventional study. NJOG, 5(1), 17–20.

Suryani, L. K., & Jensen, G. D. (1993). Trance and possession in Bali a window on western multiple personality, possession disorder, and suicide. Oxford University Press.

Susanto, D. (2013). Dakwah melalui layanan psikoterapi ruqyah bagi pasien penderita kesurupan. Jurnal Bimbingan Kaunseling Islam, 4(1), 43–64.

Tarafder, B. K., Khan, M. A. I., Islam, M. T., Al Mahmud, S. A., Sarker, M. H. K., Faruq, I., Miah, M. T., & Arafat, S. M. Y. (2016). Mass psychogenic illness: Demography and symptom profile of an episode. Psychiatry Journal, 2016, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2810143

Tasca, C., Rapetti, M., Carta, M. G., & Fadda, B. (2012). Women and hysteria in the history of mental health. Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health, 8(1), 110–119. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901208010110

Trimble, M., & Reynolds, E. H. (2016). A brief history of hysteria: From the ancient to the modern. Dalam M. Hallett, J. Stone & A. Carson (Eds.), Handbook of clinical neurology (Vol. 139, hal. 3–10). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801772-2.00001-1

Tripathi, M. A., Sahay, V., & Pirojiya, P. (2018). Braid chopping a mass psychogenic illness in Gujarat: A qualitative study. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 6(4), 66–74. https://doi.org/10.25215/0604.049

Tsekoa, L. (2013). Mass hysteria: The experiences of young women in Lesotho. University of South Africa.

World Heatlh Organization. (2019). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders. World Health Organization. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019

Zulkhair. (2008). Gangguan kesurupan dan terapi ruqyah: Penelitian multi kasus penderita gangguan kesurupan yang diterapi dengan ruqyah di dua lokasi pengobatan alternatif terapi ruqyah (Skripsi tidak diterbitkan). Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, Fakultas Psikologi.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.15575/psy.v8i2.7940

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


web stats

View My Stats

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.