The Ottoman Response to the Portuguese-Acehnese Conflicts in the 16th Century


Lukman Hakim(1*), Murodi Murodi(2), Andi Rahman(3)

(1) Universitas PTIQ Jakarta, Indonesia
(2) UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia
(3) Universitas PTIQ Jakarta, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


This research investigates the diplomatic correspondence between the Acehnese Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire during the 16th century, shedding light on the transregional alliances that shaped geopolitical dynamics in Southeast Asia. The study employs a structured historical methodology, encompassing heuristics (data collection), verification (authentication of sources and authors), interpretation (critical analysis), and historiography (historical synthesis).
The findings reveal a series of preserved letters in the Ottoman archives, documenting official communications during the reign of Sultan Alauddin al-Kahar of Aceh, notably, correspondence with Ottoman rulers Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and Sultan Selim II highlights Aceh’s strategic efforts to secure Ottoman support against Portuguese expansion in the Indian Ocean. Sultan Alauddin al-Kahar’s letters detail three primary requests: formally recognizing Aceh as an Ottoman vassal state, military assistance including cannon makers, naval vessels, and fortification materials, and the dispatch of military advisors and trainers. The records further confirm that the Ottoman Empire responded positively, demonstrating a willingness to assist Aceh, reflecting shared interests in countering Portuguese influence.
This study contributes to a nuanced understanding of early modern diplomacy and the interconnected nature of political and military networks across the Indian Ocean, emphasizing the Ottoman Empire’s pivotal role in supporting regional powers like Aceh.

Keywords: response, Acehnese, Ottoman, sultan.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Albuquerque, Afonso de., 2010. The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque: Second Viceroy of India, vol. 3 (London: The Hakluyt Society, tt)

Azra, Azyumardi, 1530-1670: Race Between Islam and Christianity, dalam Jan Sihar Aritonang & Karel Steenbrink, The History of Christianity in Indonesia (Netherlands: Brill, 2008).

Beaulieu, M., The Expedition of Commodore Beaulieu to the East-Indies; Containing a Curious and Accurate Description of the Sea Coast and Commerce, dalam John Harris D.D. & F.R.S, Navigantium atque Itinerantium Bibliotheca (Complete Collection of Voyage and Travel) Vol. 1 (London: Printed for Woodward etc, tt ).

Boxer, R., A Note on Portuguese Reactions to the Revival of the Red Sea Spice Trade and the Rise of Atjeh, 1540-1600, Journal of Southeast Asian History, Vol. 10, No. 3

Braginsky, Vladimir, The Turkic-Turkish Theme in Traditional Malay Literature (Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2015).

Casale, Giancarlo, “His Majesty’s Servant Lutfi: The Career of a Previously Unknown Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Envoy to Sumatra Based on an Account of His Travels from the Topkapı Palace Archives,” Turcica 37 (2005), p. 50.

Clifford, P. & Swettenham, F.A., A Dictionary of the Malay Language, Part I (Taiping: Government Printing Office, 1896).

Disney, A.R., A History of Portugal and Portuguese Empire: from Beginnings to 1807, Vol.2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009 ).

Göksoy, İsmail Hakkı, Ottoman Aceh Relation as Documented in Turkish Sources, in R. Michael Feener, dkk, Mapping the Acehnese Past (Netherland: KITLV, 2011).

Hadi, Amirul, Aceh: Sejarah Budaya dan Tradisi (Jakarta: Pustaka Obor, 2010).

Inalcik, Halil, An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

Inalcik, Halil, An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

Lombard, Denys, Kerajaan Aceh: Jaman Sultan Iskandar Muda (1607-1636) (Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1991).

Master, Bruce, The Arab of The Ottoman Empire, (New York: Cambridge: University Press, 2013), 35.

Maxwell, W. George, Barreito de Resende’s Account of Malacca, Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society No. 60 (Desember, 1911).

Muhammad Ibrahim et.al, Sejarah Daerah Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Aceh, (Jakarta: Departemen P dan K, 1991).

Özbaran, Salih, An Imperial Letter from Suleyman the Magnificent to Dom João III concerning Proposal for an Ottoman-Portuguese Armistice, Portuguese Studies Vol. 6 (1990), p. 24-31.

Özbaran, Salih, Ottoman Response to European Expansion: Studies on Ottoman-Portuguese Relations in the Indian Ocean and Ottoman Administration in the Arab Lands during the Sixteenth Century (Michigan: ISIS Press, 1994)

Pearson, M., The Indian (London: Routledge, 2003), p. 62.

Pinto, Fernao Mendez, The Voyages and Adventures of Ferdinand Mendez Pinto: A Portugal during his Travels, Trans. Inggris oleh Henry Cogan (London: J. Macock, 1663).

Pinto, Paulo Jorge De Sousa, The Portuguese and The Straits of Melaka, 1575-1619: Power, Trade and Diplomacy, translated into English by Roopanjali Roy (Singapore: NUS Press, 2012).

Reid, Anthony (Ed), Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era: Trade, Power, and Belief, (New York: Cornell University Press, 1993).

Reid, Anthony, Aceh and the Turkish Connection, dalam Arndt Graf dkk (ed) Aceh: Politics, History and Culture, (Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, 2010).

Reid, Anthony, Aceh and the Turkish Connection, dalam Arndt Graf dkk (ed) Aceh: Politics, History and Culture, (Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, 2010).

Reid, Anthony, An Indonesian Frontier: Acehnese and Other Histories of Sumatra, (Singapore: NUS Publishing, 2005).

Reid, Anthony, The Contest for North Sumatera Acheh, the Netherland and Britain, 1858-1898, (Kuala Lumpur: The University of Malaya Press, 1969).

Roelofsz, M.A.P. Meilink-, Asian Trade and European Influence in the Indonesian Archipelago between 1500 and about 1630 (Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1962).

Schrieke, B., Indonesian Sociological Studies, Part 1 (Bandung: Sumur Bandung, 1960).

Shaw, Stanford J., History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol.1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976).

Smith, Stefan Halikowski-, The Friendship of Kings was in the Ambassador: Portuguese Diplomatic Embassies in Asia and Africa in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Portuguese Studies. Vol. 22 No. 1 (2006).

Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, Commerce and Conflict: Two Views of Portuguese Melaka in the 1620s, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, vol. 19 No.1 (Maret, 1988).

T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arsivleri Genel Mudurlugu, 12 Numaralı Mühimme Defteri (978-979/1570-1572) No. 596 (Ankara:Divan-ı Humayun Sicilleri Dizisi IV, 1996).

T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arsivleri Genel Mudurlugu, 5 Numaralı Mühimme Defteri (973/1565-1566) No. 160 (Ankara: Divan-ı Humayun Sicilleri Dizisi II, 1994).

T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 7 Numaralı Mühimme Defteri (975–976/1567–1569). <Özet–Transkripsyon–Indeks> I, (Ankara, 1998).

Villiers, John, Aceh, Melaka and the Hystoria dos cercos de Malaca of Jorge Lemos, in Portuguese Studies, Vol.17, Homage to Charles Boxer (2001).




DOI: https://doi.org/10.15575/hm.v8i2.43178

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Historia Madania: Jurnal Ilmu Sejarah is Indexed By:

       OpenAIRE                             

All publications by Historia Madania: Jurnal Ilmu Sejarah are licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License